The Parties’ Answers on the 2017 Bundestag Election

Germany is a European cultural nation, shaped above all by the Christian-Jewish tradition and by the Enlightenment. The basis for people living together in Germany is the order of values set out in the Basic Law (Grundgesetz). On this proven foundation our nation has united in a democratic, liberal, social and federal state governed by the rule of law. CDU and CSU hold fast to this. The more diverse and plural a society is, the more it needs a unifying bond – our guiding culture. It connects those who live in one and the same country and share a common destiny. We are working towards our guiding culture being recognised as the basis of our life together in Germany by all people living here – regardless of origin, religion or confession. The guiding culture includes principles and convictions that are inalienable and indispensable for us: for example, respect for the dignity of every individual and the basic and human rights that follow from it, the affirmation of the free and democratic state under the rule of law, and the commitment to the social market economy, which demands personal responsibility from each individual and ensures solidarity with those who have fallen into hardship through no fault of their own.

CDU and CSU see themselves as Germany’s European parties. It was CDU and CSU that secured the Federal Republic of Germany’s alignment with the West after the Second World War. We continue to feel bound by this legacy.

The SPD is committed to preserving our open and free society. The first 20 articles of our Basic Law are for us the basis of our life together.

We fight for a society that treats every person with respect, regardless of gender, origin, sexual identity and religion. We fight for freedom, for everyone to be able to express and publish their opinion. We also fight for a free press and an independent judiciary. When we look around Europe and the world, we see these values in danger. The SPD stands up for these values, then as now.

We stand for the European idea like no other party. For more than 500 million people, this idea of a united Europe is the promise of a life in peace, freedom, security and prosperity. Our concern is an economically dynamic, more democratic and more social Europe that puts people at its centre, creates understanding and fosters cohesion.

The Federal Republic of Germany is diverse. Among others, the three Abrahamic religions belong to it: Christianity, Judaism and Islam. For this diverse life to succeed with as little conflict as possible, two recognised norms are needed: the Basic Law, beginning with Article 1, and German as the language of society. No further general rules, let alone a catalogue of a so-called guiding culture, are required; they only exclude.

DIE LINKE has a fundamentally positive attitude towards European integration, as a lesson drawn from a series of European wars and from two world wars that largely originated in Europe.

DIE LINKE expressly advocates a vital European Union. But talking it up alone does not help; making it better is what is called for. The EU does not need still more military and intelligence services, as is currently being demanded. A new European Union requires more justice, solidarity and democracy, in the service of development and of peace – worldwide.

We want to strengthen a united Europe. The unifying bond consists of the central fundamental values of the German and European constitutional tradition: human dignity, freedom, democracy, the equality of all people and of the sexes, as well as a self-determined life for all. Anyone who restricts the freedom of others violates our values. We do, however, oppose „Leitkultur“ debates that exclude and divide. Our society is free and pluralistic, and it is precisely in this that its civilisational and cultural progress lies.A „free and democratic guiding culture“

is fully supported by the AfD. However, the AfD sees this guiding culture as acutely endangered by a multiculturalism that is fundamentally misunderstood and intellectually unexamined. If multiculturalism is not to be understood merely as superficial folklore, it stands in opposition to universalist values such as those that arise above all from Kant’s moral philosophy and that found expression in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. For communitarian multiculturalists demand that people be sorted according to cultural affiliation and that a corresponding legal separation be undertaken. Ultimately this leads to special rights, which in turn consistently conjures up the „clash of civilizations“ predicted by Huntington.

The „free and democratic guiding culture“ can of course only be a free, democratic and German guiding culture. That goes without saying. This culture definitely includes the German language and everything connected with it (literature, theatre, philosophy, individual linguistic communication from the simplest to the most complex, the media). But it also includes our successful technical and scientific culture, which is becoming ever more important for the future. Not least, a strong culture of learning, which is being lost more and more in our schools, is also part of the German guiding culture.

The very term „Leitkultur“ provokes reflexive defensive reactions in many intellectuals, politicians and other representatives of society, so that a truly open and free debate on this subject – and on many others – cannot take place. In this the AfD sees a threat to the core substance of our republic. For where no debate takes place, the public sphere cannot serve as a republican forum and consequently the finding of truth can no longer occur. This goes hand in hand with a loss of reality in the public and political sphere, which according to Hannah Arendt is the „greatest danger in modernity“, for – as Arendt continues – „if the resistance offered by reality is absent, then in principle everything becomes possible.“

In addition to the roots of our values already mentioned, the Enlightenment properly understood and humanism must also be added. With regard to the Enlightenment, at least two names must, in the AfD’s view, be mentioned. First, Kant, on account of his foundational works, his moral philosophy and his essay „Perpetual Peace“. Second, Rousseau, because he pointed to the value of small units, which are a necessary precondition for the existence of genuine democratic republics and of a law worthy of the name.

The AfD sees in the centrally organised European Union, which after all commits itself to becoming an „ever closer union“, a threat to a politically and economically strong and diverse Europe. The euro serves as a prime example of misguided policy: as a political project in permanent rescue mode by means of the ECB, it behaves as though an EU state already existed. The AfD, however, regards monetary sovereignty as a core element of genuine statehood. Consequently, in the AfD’s view, the conduct of the ECB continuously violates law and statute, above all the Maastricht Treaty. For this reason too the AfD wants to reform the EU fundamentally and calls in its basic programme for a „Europe of fatherlands“. In doing so it sees itself in the tradition of Konrad Adenauer and Charles de Gaulle.

We Free Democrats are convinced that the Basic Law contains the guiding model for our society.

The Basic Law is the most liberal constitution Germany has ever had. It is therefore not a cold collection of rules but an objective order of values. It is the foundation of our life together.

It guarantees freedom of conscience and belief as well as equal treatment of the various religious and philosophical communities; the Basic Law is not baptised. The order of the Basic Law is therefore open to all who share its values – irrespective of religion and world view. Within the framework of this order, however, every person must also be free to live as they see fit, even if this may contradict the traditions of the majority society. For we reject in principle any attempt by a majority to impose its culture on the individual; instead we respect every person as they are. That is why we Free Democrats also demand of everyone who lives here, or would like to live here, respect for fundamental rights, for the state governed by the rule of law and for its laws. Where inner liberality and tolerance are concerned, there can be no discount for anyone. The values of our Basic Law are not negotiable. Nor are the common values that the European Union has given itself. For us Free Democrats, Germany’s future clearly lies in Europe.

People in Germany rightly expect a strong state that stands protectively before them so that they can continue to live safely and freely in the future. This is precisely what CDU and CSU are working for. Germany is a tolerant and cosmopolitan country. But no one should mistake tolerance and openness to the world for weakness. Our democracy is capable of defending itself; our state under the rule of law is strong. Combating extremists and terrorists and defending our freedom and open society are two sides of the same coin. CDU and CSU firmly oppose every form of extremism and every form of violence and terror – regardless of whether left-wing extremists, right-wing extremists or Islamists prepared to use violence are involved. We are blind in neither eye.

In Germany the state is religiously neutral. However, there is in Germany a positive relationship of cooperation between the state and religious communities and religious corporations under public law. In the case of prayer rooms in public institutions, it is decisive that they be open to members of all religious confessions.

School curricula must in every case comply with the constitution: this applies both to religious education and to substitute lessons (religious studies, ethics, philosophy and so on).

Our country today is more democratic, more open, more modern and freer than ever before. Our cultural life is unique – as is our civil society, with its many different associations, federations and initiatives, its welfare organisations, churches and religious communities, in which millions of people are involved as volunteers. We are proud of this diverse culture.

Security is a central need of people. It is the task of the state to provide for this security. Social security must be guaranteed. Our welfare state is an achievement. It provides social balance, strengthens our economy and gives people the security they need in order to determine their own lives. Citizens should be able to trust that, after decades of work, they will receive an adequate income in old age and be cared for as well as possible in the event of illness and long-term care needs. And in the event of job loss they expect good protection. A welfare state that supports its citizens increases security and promotes social progress and change. We will make the welfare state even better, so that in future everyone can rely on it.

We need a strong and effective state under the rule of law in which dangers are recognised, crime is combated and offenders are prosecuted. Only the rich can afford a weak state and buy private security services. Bodily harm, vandalism, theft and above all burglary impair people’s security and their sense of security. We want our authorities to tackle so-called everyday crime consistently – through more prevention and effective prosecution. Foreign nationals who commit serious offences should be deported without delay after serving their sentence. We have already made it easier to deport foreign nationals who have committed offences.

Germany has a proven body of constitutional law on religion which is open to new religious communities if they meet the criteria for it.

The democratic state under the rule of law applies to all citizens. It must also provide for their security and consistently punish breaches of law and order without regard to the person.

The separation of state and church, or religions, is fundamental in this country. It must remain so, both in everyday life and in state schools. DIE LINKE therefore also advocates a subject of ethics binding on all pupils instead of religious instruction, so that pupils become familiar with all the major faiths and their customs.

We want a strong state under the rule of law that protects against crime and terror and is committed to civil rights. Religious and political fanatics challenge our state under the rule of law. We oppose them resolutely, effectively and in accordance with the rule of law, with targeted measures to avert danger rather than with blanket suspicion and mass surveillance. For us one thing is clear: freedom cannot be had without security – and the reverse is equally true. Proportionality must be preserved in all state action.

German law provides for a „benevolent neutrality“ towards religious communities. Religious communities may therefore cooperate with the state (above all with regard to confessional religious education; theology at state universities; pastoral care in the Bundeswehr, in hospitals and in prisons). We support this, because we regard religious and philosophical communities as important forces in civil society.

We believe that Germany is a diverse country to which all those who live in it belong, regardless of their origin, their appearance or their religious affiliation. We want all religious communities to be able to exercise the same rights within the framework of our legal order and the order of values of the Basic Law. But for us it is clear: the monopoly on the use of force lies with the state, so that religious criminal law may under no circumstances and by no one be applied here.

As already set out under the first question, there is today in many cases a lack of awareness of the need for a guiding culture. The powerful politics of „recognition“, for instance, involves an „inverted discrimination“ that so-called minorities are permitted to claim. In practice this means privileges, which in turn leads to political inequality. Special rights, and all the more so parallel legal spheres, lay the axe to the state under the rule of law, for: „the civic state and the idea of the republic rest, however, on the equality of rights…“ (Egon Flaig). The AfD tirelessly points to this danger to the republic as well.

The state under the rule of law is already in crisis, which manifests itself above all in the unlawful opening of the borders by the Federal Chancellor. Whoever unlawfully opens state borders to all and in a theoretically unlimited manner again offends against the core substance of any statehood. Neither internal nor external security, and certainly not social peace and social cohesion, can be guaranteed in this way. As is well known, one can have either a welfare state or open borders, but not both at the same time. For this reason alone the opening of the borders by the Chancellor is unlawful, for the Basic Law contains the welfare-state principle. That the public was also deliberately deceived about the truth in this matter only became known belatedly, through a book („Die Getriebenen“).

The Basic Law does not use the term freedom of religion; it refers only to freedom of faith, of confession and of conscience. All three of these freedoms are private in nature and therefore cannot establish any claims or rights against other persons. Still less can divine law be the basis of a general statute in a republic. The separation of the first and second worlds (this world and the next), of secular and religious power, is fundamental to any genuine republic.

The state under the rule of law has a duty to guarantee freedom and internal security as well as possible and to minimise security risks. Whatever genuinely serves internal security and remains within the framework of our constitution must also be done. At the same time, however, this framework is the limit on the manner of its action and on the means employed. The central essence of the state under the rule of law is its neutrality. With regard to religious communities too, the state must observe its duty of neutrality and guarantee the free exercise of religion in accordance with the constitution.

This also means that as long as Christian religious education is provided, religious education must also be possible for other religious communities recognised under the Basic Law. Beyond guaranteeing freedom of religion and the equal treatment of religions, we Free Democrats advocate the greatest possible separation of church and state.

The Jewish communities enrich Germany. They are an integral part of our society. It is a cause for joy that many Jews once again regard Germany as their home. We will continue to support the Jewish communities and Jewish welfare work in caring for immigrants. A central task remains that of continuing to remember the immeasurable suffering inflicted on the Jews under the National Socialists.

The Jewish religion, Jewish men and women and Jewish culture were and are part of Germany. The SPD is a reliable partner of the Jewish community in Germany.

In recent decades the Jewish communities have accomplished a great deal in the field of integration. This is expressed in Jewish kindergartens, schools, youth centres and homes for the elderly. The Zentralwohlfahrtsstelle der Juden in Deutschland (Central Welfare Board of Jews in Germany) also provides important social services. We honour this commitment with grateful recognition and wish to continue supporting it with state funding.

As the SPD we feel particularly committed to the Jewish heritage within our own party as well. Social democracy in Germany is proud of its Jewish founding fathers and mothers. In addition, there is a nationwide working group of Jewish social democrats which provides important impulses within the party and beyond.

We are glad that after and despite the Shoah Jewish life continued and continues to exist in Germany. Against the historical background not only of the Shoah but also of centuries of discrimination against and ostracism of Jews, it is a particular concern of ours to promote and protect Jewish life.

We are grateful for the diverse Jewish life and for the renewed rooting of Jewish culture in Germany. A strong and diverse Judaism enriches our life together and strengthens cohesion in Germany and Europe. There must be no discrimination. We therefore want to end the discrimination against Jewish quota refugees, as compared with ethnic German late repatriates, in pension law on account of their religion.

Pope Benedict, from a Christian-Catholic perspective, called the Jews „our elder brothers“. From Judaism comes the idea of the human being as the „image of God“, from which Article 1 of the Basic Law, according to which human dignity is inviolable, is ultimately derived. Alongside Christianity, the ancient Greek thinkers, humanism and the Enlightenment, Judaism is thus one of the pillars of the modern Western world with its universal values. That Jewish life was able to develop vibrantly again in Germany after the abominable years of National Socialist rule is one of the great achievements of the post-war period. For the AfD this is a cause for joy and gratitude and at the same time an obligation to preserve this state of affairs as a living one, free from fear at all times.

We Free Democrats are very glad that Jewish life takes place in Germany. We deeply regret, however, that it is unfortunately still exposed to hostility and prejudice. Synagogues and other institutions of Jewish life under police protection are sad witnesses to this.

We Free Democrats are committed to ensuring that Jewish life is respected as a matter of course.

We affirm Germany’s special responsibility towards Israel as a Jewish, democratic state. Israel’s right to exist and its security are not negotiable for us. Germany and Europe have a strong interest in peace and stability in the Middle East. We therefore support a two-state solution: with Israel within permanently secure borders and a viable Palestinian state. We are helping to create the conditions necessary for this. That also includes voicing necessary criticism. We want to intensify the exchange between German and Israeli young people.

In view of Germany’s special responsibility for Israel’s security, and equally in view of the growing instability in the region, Germany, together with its European partners, must continue to support with all its strength initiatives to revive the Middle East peace process. The peace process between Israelis and Palestinians has run into severe difficulties. The forces on both sides that have an interest in a process of reconciliation are in danger of falling behind. In the currently extremely tense situation too, we expect the parties involved to do everything possible to de-escalate the present state of affairs. We are firmly convinced that a comprehensive peace settlement in the Middle East can be achieved only on the basis of the Oslo agreements. As we have also laid down in our basic programme, we are committed to the creation of two sovereign and viable states within the framework of a negotiated settlement. Unilateral steps – from whichever side – that stand in the way of a final peace settlement must be ended.

DIE LINKE sees Germany as bearing a special responsibility towards Israel. It is our conviction that Israel’s security can be achieved in the long term only through a peace settlement with the Palestinian side. The aim of such a settlement is a viable Palestinian state within borders binding under international law. We note with great regret that significant actors on both sides show no interest in such a two-state solution for domestic political reasons. Some states in the region are not contributing to a peace settlement but are instead contributing to further escalation out of tactical power calculations. For us the only way out lies in strengthening the peace-oriented forces on all sides.

The special historical, cultural, economic and civil-society connection between Germany and Israel is a cornerstone of German foreign policy. We affirm Germany’s special responsibility towards the State of Israel, its right to exist and its right to live in security and within secure borders. We want to cultivate and deepen the manifold German-Israeli exchange. At the same time we are committed to the right of Palestinians to live in self-determination, peace and security, free from occupation and with their human rights respected, in a state of their own. We are convinced that the lasting continued existence of Israel as a democratic state can be ensured only through the creation of a sovereign, viable and democratic State of Palestine on the basis of the 1967 borders. We reject any strategies on either side that break international law or rely on violence and confrontation. We criticise the continued creation of facts on the ground that stand in the way of achieving a stable two-state settlement.

With regard to a solution to the Israeli-Arab conflict, the AfD today takes the view that only those involved on the ground can find a solution viable for them, bilaterally and without preconditions, and then implement it, if necessary with outside help. As outsiders we do not wish to presume that we can assess models for a solution better than those involved, who ultimately alone have to bear the consequences. As a precondition for any peaceful solution, however, it is imperative that terror and violence be renounced immediately and unconditionally, so that in the longer term people may live in the region in peace, security and jointly created prosperity. This requires democratic social development based on the rule of law, with the aim that human rights, and in particular freedom of opinion, of the press and of religion, be respected by all in the region. Corruption must be condemned everywhere. These are the preconditions for Jews and Arabs being able to live together in peaceful coexistence, much as almost two million Muslim Arabs already live in the State of Israel with extensive civil and unrestricted religious rights. As long, however, as the majority of Palestinian Arabs continue to reject Israel’s existence, an aim of this kind remains a distant prospect, for as long as antisemitic hatred of Jews and Israel persists in Palestinian society, it is scarcely conceivable in practice.

We Free Democrats are committed to an undiminished continuation of German engagement in the Middle East peace process. The basis of our policy and reason of state remains our commitment to Israel’s right to exist. In this we advocate a negotiated two-state model with fixed borders, in which Israel and an independent Palestinian state can live side by side in security and peace. In doing so we expressly wish to contribute the good experiences gained in the European peace and unification process.

The CDU stands for equal freedom of religion and religious practice in accordance with the Basic Law. Many people with a history of immigration bring different religions with them, and sometimes no faith at all. We welcome the religious diversity in Germany that has arisen through immigration into our country. This applies to religions with both a long and a short tradition in our country. Alongside Christianity and the Orthodox and Oriental churches belonging to it, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism and also Buddhism, there are numerous faiths and religious groupings in Germany.

As the SPD we want to enforce a zero-tolerance policy towards hate preachers and Islamists. A large proportion of fundamentalist Islamists in Germany become radicalised here, in our country. We will close extremist Islamist mosques and cut off their funding.

We will cooperate with the many non-radical mosque congregations and Islamic associations. We are strengthening the good local advisory and prevention structures and ensuring at an early stage that young people in our country do not become radicalised. We will counter hate propaganda online with alternative messages and, as far as possible, prosecute it under criminal law.

Muslims and Islam are part of our country. We support the organisational development of Muslim congregations and organisations if they are founded in Germany under German law and if they respect the free and democratic basic order. If they meet the requirements, the possibilities of our proven constitutional law on religion are open to them as well.

The image of Muslims in Germany is shaped above all by forces that cannot claim to represent „the Muslims“. This applies both to Salafist preachers and their followers and to some of the larger mosque associations. Unfortunately, for decades no need was seen even to take note of the rising number of Muslims arriving through immigration and to move with them towards a cooperative relationship between state and religious community. To give one example: establishing the training of religious teachers and imams considerably earlier would have made it unnecessary for them to be sent from other states. This omission must now be laboriously corrected. In this context DIE LINKE does not regard it as helpful to place all Muslims under blanket suspicion of religious extremism or even terrorism. That the state must intervene where violence and law-breaking are incited under the cloak of religion goes without saying.

A diverse, open society is built on the fundamental rights of the Basic Law. They hold our society together in its diversity and secure peaceful coexistence. This includes people living self-determined lives and respecting one another regardless of their origin, culture and world view. This applies both to those who are newly arriving and to those who have lived here for a long time. For part of plurality and democracy is that they face criticism and public discourse, do not treat their own views as absolute and, in that sense, do not act in a fundamentalist way. However important it may be to the individual and whichever religious confession is concerned: no holy book stands above the Basic Law. We firmly oppose religious extremism and fanaticism.

Freedom of religion is a great good. It prohibits banning religious convictions and expressions merely because they do not correspond to basic democratic views. Forms of Islamism prepared to use violence must of course be combated by all means available under the rule of law. With ideologies that contradict our understanding of a respectful coexistence of all people, we seek the socio-political argument in favour of our values of freedom and self-determination. Beyond this, we believe that all other Muslims living in Germany who adhere to a non-extremist interpretation of „the“ Islam can be valuable partners in combating (violent) Islamism.

The AfD is probably the only party that has spoken out with complete clarity against political Islam in Germany. We reject the words of the Chancellor and the Federal Minister of Finance to the effect that „Islam“ belongs to Germany: Islam does not belong to Germany. Unlike other religions, among them Judaism and Christianity, Islam has not yet undergone an internal enlightenment. On the contrary, anyone who examines Islam in a historically critical manner runs the risk of being subjected to a fatwa. As surveys show, a considerable proportion of the Muslims living in Europe place their religiously based laws above the legal order of the state. In particular the unequal treatment of women, but also that of „unbelievers“, the laws of sharia, individual suras, parts of „jihad“ as well as the ummah as a worldwide community for enforcing this Islam cannot and must not be allowed to acquire any effective force in a democratic state under the rule of law. For details we refer to the AfD’s basic programme (chapter 7.6) and its Bundestag election programme (chapter 6).

Central for us Free Democrats in any exercise of religion is orientation towards the Basic Law.

Where the Basic Law as the objective order of values of our society is disregarded and laws are violated, tolerance ends. There must be no understanding for religious or ideological fundamentalism. In this connection we also reject foreign influence through the financing of religious associations and institutions, such as that exercised by Turkey and Saudi Arabia with regard to certain mosque congregations.

We call for effective measures against radical Salafism. In this we also rely on cooperation with all those Muslims and corresponding associations who want to combat intolerance, violence and religious extremism. Our aim is a comprehensive approach that combines repression and prevention.

CDU and CSU oppose every form of antisemitism, nationally and internationally. The protection of Jews as well as of Jewish institutions is an important concern for us. We are also committed to countering antisemitism through education and public awareness, through deradicalisation programmes and, where necessary, through severe penalties.

Because of its history, Germany is particularly called upon to keep alive the memory of the consequences of dictatorship and tyranny. This applies in particular to the National Socialist dictatorship with its crimes against humanity, above all the Holocaust. In order to make access to the memorial sites easier for young people, we will support them in the further development of their educational concepts. People with a history of immigration must also be made more aware of this part of German history than has been the case hitherto. In this context we are also committed to strengthening work with contemporary witnesses.

For more than 150 years social democrats have fought for an inclusive, pluralistic and tolerant society in Germany, in Europe and worldwide. For us this also means quite clearly that exclusion, racism, antisemitism, right-wing extremism and discrimination must have no place in global society. In concrete terms this means for us the consistent prosecution of antisemitism and of every form of misanthropy and contempt for human beings.

At the same time we must resist the beginnings: that is why we rely in particular on comprehensive prevention and educational work at all levels. We have therefore ensured that in recent years the funds in the federal programme „Demokratie leben!“ (Live Democracy!) have been more than tripled. We will continue on this path of prevention. This also includes taking up the recommendations of the independent expert group on antisemitism and implementing them in prevention and educational work.

Antisemitism must be combated, no matter in what guise it appears, classical or supposedly modern. In this too I agree with the current report on antisemitism by the independent expert commission and with its recommendations.

We reject a boycott of Israel as an instrument of German and European policy. We condemn antisemitic and racist statements of any kind in the strongest terms. At anti-Israeli demonstrations there are repeatedly aggressive moods and statements directed not only against Israeli government policy but also against Israel’s right to exist and against Jewish citizens. Criticism of specific policies of the parties to the conflict must not be misused as a pretext for antisemitic statements and for calling Israel’s security fundamentally into question.

Always and everywhere, every form of hatred of Jews and of antisemitism must be resolutely countered with all consistency at the very moment it arises. Antisemitism must be combated resolutely and across party lines – not only in the interests of Jews in Germany and worldwide, but in the interests of our democratic political culture.

From the insights already set out under point 3, it follows for the AfD that every form of antisemitism must be condemned, in whatever guise it may clothe itself. The term „antisemitism“ is, however, imprecise, because linguistically it drapes hatred of Jews in a purely racist cloak. For conceptual and argumentative clarity in the discussion, the term „hatred of Jews“ would in fact be preferable to the term „antisemitism“. The awareness that, and of how, antisemitism or hatred of Jews contradicts human dignity must be a self-evident social consensus. Where these insights are absent, education must take effect first and, where necessary, serious sanctions as well.

In our republic there is no place for group-related hostility towards people, such as antisemitism. Unfortunately, education and public awareness have so far not succeeded, as had been hoped, in making antisemitism disappear. We therefore want to maintain and, where possible, expand the existing state and social commitment.